United States
RNS
The world’s 280 million immigrants have greater shares of Christians, Muslims and Jews than the general population, according to a new Pew Research Center study released on Monday.
“You see migrants coming to places like the US, Canada, different places through Western Europe, and being more religious – and sometimes more Christian in particular – than the native-born people in those countries,” said Achsah Callahan, the study’s lead researcher.
Migrants, mostly Venezuelans, cross a river during their journey through the Darien Gap from Colombia into Panama, hoping to reach the US, on 15th October, 2022. PICTURE: AP Photo/Fernando Vergara/File photo.
While Christians make up about 30 per cent of the world’s population, the world’s migrants are 47 per cent Christian, according to the latest data collected in 2020. The study found that Muslims make up 29 per cent of the migrant population but 25 per cent of the world’s population. Jews, only 0.2 per cent of the world’s population but one per cent of migrants, are by far the most likely religious group to have migrated, with 20 per cent of Jews worldwide living outside their country of birth compared to just six per cent of Christians and four per cent of Muslims.
Four percent of migrants are Buddhist, matching the general population, and five per cent are Hindu, compared to 15 per cent of the world population.
Over the past 30 years, migration has outpaced global population growth by 83 per cent, according to Pew.
Though people immigrate for many reasons, including economic opportunity, to reunite with family and to flee violence or persecution, religion and migration are often closely connected, the report finds. US migrants are much more likely to have a religious identity than the American-born population in general.
The influx of religious migrants can have a significant impact on the religious composition of their destination countries. In the case of the US, “immigrants are kind of putting the brakes on secularisation,” Callahan said.
While about 30 per cent of individuals in the US overall identify as atheist, agnostic or religiously unaffiliated, only 10 per cent of migrants to the US identify with those categories.
Pew studied data from 270 censuses and surveys, estimating the religious composition of migrants from 95,696 combinations of 232 origin and destination countries and territories. Their analysis focused on the “stock,” the total number of people residing as international migrants, rather than “flows,” numbers measured over a specific time. This methodology allowed them to study all adults and children who live outside their countries of birth, regardless of when they immigrated.
“We’re not only interested in the religious composition of people who arrived in a destination country in the last year or in the last five years,” explained Callahan. According to the report, measuring the total “stock” of migrants reflects slower changes, “patterns that have accumulated over time.”
The study found that migrants frequently move to countries where their religious identity is already represented and prevalent. For example, Israel is the top destination for Jews, with 51 per cent of Jewish migrants (1.5 million) residing there, while Saudi Arabia is the top destination for Muslims, with 13 per cent (10.8 million) residing in the area. Christians and religiously unaffiliated migrants share the US, Germany and Russia as their top three destinations.
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The majority of the world’s Christian migrants originate from Mexico and settle in the US, Pew found. They are typically looking for jobs, improved safety or to reunite with family members. Meanwhile, 10 per cent of the world’s Muslim migrants (8.1 million) were born in Syria, fleeing regional conflict after a war broke out in 2011.
The report attributes high rates of Jewish migration partly to Israel’s Law of Return, which grants Jews the right to receive automatic citizenship and make “aliyah,” a move to Israel. As of 2020, about 1.5 million Jews born outside of Israel now live within the country’s borders. Jewish migrants to Israel often come from former Soviet republics, such as Ukraine (170,000) and Russia (150,000). The United States has the second highest population of Jewish migrants (400,000), with a quarter moving from Israel.
Across the board, however, Callahan said that immigration levels across religious groups have remained fairly stable over time. Despite consistent numbers, she advocated for doing this study because of the popularity of a 2012 Pew report, Faith on the Move. The two studies used different methodologies, and Callahan described Faith on the Move as a “snapshot” of religion and immigration in 2010.
“A lot of people have asked for an update to it, and we get a lot of questions related to religion and migration,” she said. Despite demand for the data, “Faith on the Move was really the last report we put out that focused on this.”
Many of the findings in the new report are similar to the 2012 study, and Callahan found the results relatively unsurprising.
“Even in that older data, you can see that religious minorities were so much more likely to leave their country of origin and migrate to a country where their religious identity was more prevalent,” she said.
